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May 4, 1999
Rutgers--the State University of New Jersey
School of Law, Newark
Justice Henry Ackerson Library
Pathfinder Series
SAME-SEX MARRIAGE
compiled by
Paul Axel-Lute
axellute@andromeda.rutgers.edu
CAUTION: Most of the information herein is current only
up to October 1996. Updates thereafter are only selective, as
information is brought to the compiler's attention. For more
current information, try the websites listed at the end of this
compilation in Section
VI.
Last updated Nov.20,1998.
Permission is granted to copy or disseminate this document
with appropriate credit. Permission is also granted to update
or enhance this document so long as it is made clear that the
original compiler is not responsible for the updates or enhancements.
CONTENTS
LEGISLATION & BILLS
A. State statutes
Finding tools:
Westlaw, databases STAT-ALL, LEGIS-ALL, and ST-BILLTXT; query:
marriage /s same-sex "same gender" (man /s woman)
Note: in ST-BILLTXT, to restrict results to enacted
bills, add to query: & pr(enacted)
Lexis: CODES library, ALLCDE, ALLALS and STTEXT files, query:
marriage /s same-sex or same gender or (man /s woman)
Note: in STTEXT, to restrict results to enacted bills,
add to query: and version(enacted)
Cheryl Rae Nyberg, Subject Compilations of State Laws 1994-1995,
REF KF 240.S795, under "Marriage" at 156-157, refers
to specific footnotes in law review articles that cite state
statutes.
State statutes defining marriage as between a man and a woman,
and/or explicitly declaring same-sex marriages void or denying
recognition to out-of-state same-sex marriages:
Alaska Stat. §§ 25.05.11(a), 25.05.013 (1996 Alaska
Laws ch.21)
Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-101, 25-112 (1996 Ariz. Laws
ch. 348)
Cal. Fam. Code § 300 (Cal. Stats. 1993 ch.219 §
88)
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14-2-104 (West 1989)
Del. Code tit.13, § 101(a),(d) (1996 Del.Laws ch.375)
Fla. Stat. Ann. § 741.04 (last proviso, added by 1945
Fla. Laws ch. 22643)
Ga. Code §§ 19-3-3.1, 19-3-30(b)(1) (1996 Ga. Laws
p.1025)
Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 572-1, 572-1.6, 572-3 (1994
Haw. Laws ch.217 § 3)
Idaho Code § 32-201 (1995 Idaho Laws ch.104 § 3);
Idaho Code § 32-209 (1996 Idaho Laws ch.331 § 1)
Ill. Stat. ch.750, Act 5, §§ 201, 212, 213.1 (1996
Ill. Pub. Act. 89-459)
Ind. Code § 31-7-1-2 (Pub.L. 180-1986)
Kan. Stat. Ann. §§ 23-101, 23-115 (1996 Kan.Laws
ch.142)
La. Civil Code arts 86, 89, 96 (1987 La. Acts No.886)
Md. Code, Fam. L. § 2-201 (1984 Md. Laws ch.296 §
2)
Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 551.2 - .4 (1996 Mich. Pub.
Act 324);
Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 551.271, 551.272 (1996 Mich.
Pub. Act 334)
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 517.01 (1977 Minn. Laws ch. 441)
Mo. Senate Bill 768, § 6 (enacted July 3,1996)
Mont. Code Ann. § 40-1-103 (1975 Mont.Laws ch.536, §4)
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 457:1,457:2 (as amended
thru 1987 N.H. Laws act 218)
N.C. Stat. § 51-1.2 (1996 N.C. Laws ch.588)
P.R. Laws Ann., tit.31 § 221 (P.R.Civil Code, 1930, §68)
S.C. Code §§ 20-1-15, 20-1-10 (1996 S.C. Laws Act
327)
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. S 25-1-1 (1996 S.D. Laws ch. 161)
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-103(c)(1) (1996 Tenn. Laws Pub.
Ch. 1031)
Tex. Fam. Code § 1.01 (1973 Tex. Gen. Laws ch.577)
Utah Code § 30-1-2 (5) (1993 Utah Laws, 2d spec.sess.
ch.14 §1)
Va. Code. Ann. § 20-45.2 (1975 Va. Acts ch.644)
State statutes providing that anti-discrimination laws are
not to be construed to authorize recognition of right to same-sex
marriage:
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 46a-81r(4) (1991 Conn. Pub.Act
91- 58, §36)
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363.021 (4) (1993 Minn. Laws ch.22
§ 7)
New Jersey bill
"Marriage Protection Act of 1996," N.J. Assembly
No. 2193, N.J. Senate No. 1376 (introduced June 20,1996), includes
same-sex marriages among marriages declared void, and provides
that New Jersey will not recognize marriages from other jurisdictions
which are void in New Jersey. Reintroduced in the 1998-1999
Legislature as N.J.
Assembly No. 706 (Jan.13,1998) and N.J.
Senate No. 1281 (July 30,1998)
Legislative History of Federal "Defense of Marriage
Act," Pub. L. 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419 (approved Sept.21,1996)
(to be codified at 1 U.S.C. §7, 28 U.S.C. §1738c)
bills: H.R. 3396 (introduced May 7,1996); S. 1740 (introduced
May 8, 1996), reintroduced as S.1999, text at 142 Cong.Rec. S9073
(daily ed. July 29, 1996).
Statement by Sen. Nickles, with two "factsheets,"
142 Cong. Rec. S4869-S4871 (daily ed. May 8, 1996)
Laurence H. Tribe, "Unconstitutionality of S.1740, the
so- called Defense of Marriage Act," 142 Cong. Rec. S5931-S5933
(daily ed. June 6,1996)
House Report 104-664, Defense of Marriage Act [to accompany
H.R.3396], July 9, 1996.
House debate and passage: 142 Cong. Rec. H7270-H7280, H7441-H7449
(daily ed. July 11,1996), 142 Cong. Rec. H7480-H7506 (daily ed.
July 12,1996) (includes text of H.R.3396 at H7481).
Proposed amendments, 142 Cong.Rec. S9750-S9755 (daily ed.
Sept.3,1996)
Senate debate and passage:, 142 Cong. Rec. S10100-S10125,
S10129 (daily ed. Sept.10,1996)
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CASELAW & ATTORNEY GENERAL OPINIONS
Finding tools
Annotation: Marriage between Persons of the Same Sex, 63 A.L.R.3d
1199 (1975); updated by annual pocket part.
Family Law Reporter (BNA), RES KF 501.A3F3, Current Developments
binder, Index-summary, index heading "Homosexuality".
NOTE: Index doesn't cover latest issues; check coverage
of index, then check in each subsequent issue p.2 "In This
Report," under same heading.
Westlaw, database AG, query: marriage /s same-sex "same
gender"
Opinions against same-sex marriage
Court decisions and attorney general opinions denying licensability
or recognition of same-sex marriage (note: this list excludes
cases involving transsexuals):
Adams v. Howerton, 486 F.Supp. 1119 (C.D.Cal. 1980), aff'd,
673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir. 1982)
Anonymous v. Anonymous, 67 Misc. 2d 982, 325 N.Y.S.2d 499
(Sup.Ct. 1971)
Baker v. Nelson, 291 Minn. 310, 191 N.W.2d 185 (1971), appeal
dismissed for want of substantial federal question, 409 U.S.
810 (1972)
Dean v. District of Columbia, 653 A.2d 307 (D.C.Ct.App. 1995)
DeSanto v. Barnsley, 328 Pa.Super. 181, 476 A.2d 952 (1984)
Estate of Cooper, 149 Misc.2d 282, 564 N.Y.S.2d 684 (Surr.Ct.1990)
Gajovski v. Gajovski, 81 Ohio App.3d 11, 610 N.E.2d 431 (1991),
Jones v. Hallahan, 501 S.W.2d 588 (Ky. Ct. App. 1973)
Singer v. Hara, 11 Wash.App.247, 522 P.2d 1187 (1974)
Slayton v. State, 633 S.W.2d 934 (Tex.Ct.App. 1982)
Weaver v. G.D. Searle & Co., 558 F.Supp. 720 (N.D.Ala.
1983)
190 Ala. Op.Atty.Gen. 30, 1983 WL 41865
Ark. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 95-062, 1995 WL 256755
Me. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 84-28, 1984 WL 248975
Neb. Op. Atty. Gen. No.113, 1977 WL 25368
(Note: Neb. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 96025, 1996 WL 132907, 22 Fam.L.Rep.
1328, suggests that Nebraska might need to recognize out-of-state
same-sex marriages unless preventive legislation is passed.)
Hawaii case
Baehr v. Lewin, 74 Haw. 645, 852 P.2d 44 (1993), held
that statute denying marriage rights to same-sex couples may
violate state constitutional equal rights provision; remanded
for trial to determine if state could demonstrate compelling
interest to justify the statute. Same case now styled Baehr
v. Miike, 80 Haw.341, 910 P.2d 112 (1996) (denial of intervention
applications of clergy and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints). Trial was held September 10 through September 26,1996.
According to an Aug.25,1996 posting by Martin Rice, a decision
is expected late November; the appeal, which is expected regardless
of the outcome, should be heard by August 1997. To stay current
on this case, use the Hawai'i
Equal Rights Marriage Project website or subscribe to the
MARRIAGE-EDIT list (to subscribe, send one-line message "subscribe
marriage-edit" to: MAJORDOMO@abacus.oxy.edu).
Shahar case
Shahar v. Bowers, 70 F.3d 1218 (11th Cir.1995) (withdrawal
of job offer because of religious same-sex marriage ceremony
may violate right of intimate association), vacated, 78 F.3d
499 (11th Cir. 1996) (to be reheard en banc)
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TO CONTENTS TABLE
Monographs
NOTE: Library of Congress subject heading: GAY MARRIAGE
Boswell, John, Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe
(Villiard Books, 1994) DANA HQ 76.3.E8B68 (For a critical review,
see Philip Lyndon Reynolds, "Same-Sex Unions: What Boswell
Didn't Find," The Christian Century 112:49-54 (Jan.18,1995))
Eskridge, William N., Jr., The Case for Same-Sex Marriage
(Free Press, 1996) HQ 76.3.U5E85. Chapter headings: "Civilizing
Gays, Civilizing Straights"; "A History of Same-Sex
Marriage"; "The Debate Within the Lesbian and Gay Community";
"Mainstream Objections to Same-Sex Marriage"; "The
Constitutional Case: The Right to Marry"; "The Constitutional
Case: Discrimination". Appendices include a list of court
cases and a bibliography.
Lesbian & Gay Marriage: Private Commitments, Public
Ceremonies, edited by Suzanne Sherman (Temple Univ. Press,
1992) DANA HQ 76.3.U5L47 1993 First part contains two essays:
Thomas B. Stoddard, "Why Gay People Should Seek the Right
to Marry" (p.13-19), and Paula Ettelbrick, "Since When
Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?" (p.20-26). Bulk of book
consists of interviews with "long-term couples," some
who had public ceremonies, some who did not. Appendices include
directory of organizations, including "lesbian and gay-affirming
religious organizations".
Maguire, Daniel C., The Moral Revolution: A Christian Humanist
Vision (Harper & Row, 1986) Sage Library (New Brunswick
Theological Seminary) BJ 1249.M164 1986. Includes "The Morality
of Homosexual Marriage" (p.87-102), reprinted in: A Challenge
to Love, edited by Robert Nugent (Crossroad, 1983) KLMR, CAMDN
BX 1795.H66C46 1983 (p.118-134)
Mohr, Richard D., Gays/Justice: a Study of Ethics, Society,
and Law (Columbia Univ.Press, 1988) HQ 76.3.U5M64 1988 Same-sex
marriage discussed at pages 17-18.
Nava, Michael, & Robert Dawidoff, Created Equal: Why
Gay Rights Matter to America (St.Martin's Press, 1994) HQ
76.8.U5N38 1994 Includes: "The Case for Gay Marriage"
(p.144-156)
Sexual Orientation and the Law / the editors of the
Harvard Law Review. (Harvard Univ.Press, 1990) KF 4754.5.S492
1990 Includes "The Right of Gay and Lesbian Couples to Marry"
(p.95-101)
Sexual Orientation and the Law, by National Lawyers
Guild, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Rights Committee, edited by Roberta
Achtenberg (Clark,Boardman,Callaghan, 1985--) (looseleaf) KF
4754.5.S49. §1.07 concerns domestic partnership & same-sex
marriage.
Sullivan, Andrew, Virtually Normal: an Argument about Homosexuality
(Knopf, 1995) HQ 76.25.S85 1995 At pages 178-185, discusses equal
access to civil marriage as centerpiece of a politics of homosexuality.
For a critical review of this book, see: Diana Schaub, "Marriage
Envy," The Public Interest no.122:93-102 (Winter 1996)
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TO CONTENTS TABLE
Law Review Articles
Finding Tools
Current Law Index: subject heading "Same-Sex Marriage"
in use since 1989. The on-line version of this index is called
Legal Resource Index, and includes coverage of major legal
newspapers not included in the print version. Legal Resource
Index is Westlaw database LRI, and is on Lexis in the LAWREV
library, LGLIND file.
Index to Legal Periodicals & Books: subject headings
"Marriage" and "Homosexuality and Lesbianism".
Current Index to Legal Periodicals: subject heading
"Domestic Relations". The latest eight issues of this
index are on Westlaw as the CILP database.
Lynn D. Wardle, "A Critical Analysis of Constitutional
Claims for Same-Sex Marriage," 1996 Brigham Young Univ.
L.Rev. 1, at 96-100, lists law review articles from 1970-1975
and 1990-June 1995, categorized as pro or con same-sex marriage.
Articles from the 1976-1989 period not covered by Wardle's
lists
G. Sidney Buchanan, "Same-Sex Marriage: the Linchpin
Issue," 10 Univ. Dayton L. Rev. 541-573 (1985). Argues against
judicial recognition of same-sex marriage, saying the question
should be left to the political process. A different version
of this article appears as the fifth chapter in G. Sidney Buchanan,
Morality, Sex, and the Constitution (Univ.Press of America,
1985), KF 9325.B82 1985, at 127-159; the book version includes
at 137-144 a section entitled "A Martian visitor interviews
a Christian earthling on the issue of same-sex marriage,"
omitted from the article.
Deborah Gray, Note: "Marriage: Homosexual Couples Need
Not Apply," 23 New England L. Rev. 515-546 (1988)
John Dwight Ingram, "A Constitutional Critique of Restrictions
on the Right to Marry--Why Can't Fred Marry George--Or Mary and
Alice at the Same Time?" 10 J. Contemporary Law 33 (1984),
discusses same-sex marriage at 44-50.
Alissa Friedman, "The Necessity for State Recognition
of Same-Sex Marriage: Constitutional Requirements and Evolving
Notions of Family," 3 Berkeley Women's L.J. 134-170 (1987)
Claudia A. Lewis, Note: "From This Day Forward: A Feminine
Moral Discourse on Homosexual Marriage," 97 Yale L.J. 1783-1803
(1988)
Hannah Schwarzschild, "Same-Sex Marriage and Constitutional
Privacy: Moral Threat and Legal Anomaly," 4 Berkeley Women's
L.J. 94-127 (1988)
Selected Articles from 1990-1995
Michael L. Closen & Carol R. Heise, "HIV-AIDS and
the Non-Traditional Family: the Argument for State and Federal
Judicial Recognition of Danish Same-Sex Marriages," 16 Nova
L. Rev. 809-845 (1992)
Nitya Duclos, "Some Complicating Thoughts on Same-Sex
Marriage," 1 Law & Sexuality 31-61 (1991)
Mary C. Dunlap, "The Lesbian and Gay Marriage Debate:
A Microcosm of Our Hopes and Troubles in the Nineties,"
1 Law & Sexuality 63-96 (1991)
Richard A. Epstein, "Caste and the Civil Rights Laws:
from Jim Crow to Same-Sex Marriages," 92 Mich. L. Rev. 2456-2478
(1994), discussing same-sex marriage at 2473-2476.
Andrew H. Friedman, "Same-Sex Marriage and the Right
to Privacy: Abandoning Scriptural, Canonical, and Natural Law
Based Definitions of Marriage," 35 Howard L.J. 173-225 (1992).
Includes text of Danish Registered Partnership Act, at 217-218
n.237.
Deborah M. Henson, "A Comparative Analysis of Same-Sex
Partnership Protections: Recommendations for American Reform,"
7 Int'l J.L. & Fam. 282-313 (1993)
Steven K. Homer, "Against Marriage," 29 Harvard
Civil Rights-Civil Liberties L. Rev. 505-530 (1994). Questions
the coherence of the legal concept of marriage and the worth
of same-sex marriage as a goal.
Nan D. Hunter, "Marriage, Law, and Gender: A Feminist
Inquiry," 1 Law & Sexuality 9-30 (1991)
Andrew Koppelman, "Why Discrimination Against Lesbians
and Gay Men is Sex Discrimination," 69 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 197-287
(1994)
Jorge Martin, Note: "English Polygamy Law and the Danish
Registered Partnership Act: a Case for the Consistent Treatment
of Foreign Polygamous Marriages and Danish Same-Sex Marriages
in England," 27 Cornell Int'l L.J. 419-446 (1994). Includes
text of Danish Registered Partnership Act at 430-431 n.79.
Richard D. Mohr, "The Case for Gay Marriage," 9
Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub.Policy 215-239 (1995)
Dwight J. Penas, "Bless the Tie That Binds: a Puritan-Covenant
Case for Same-Sex Marriage," 8 Law & Inequality 533-565
(1990)
Nancy D. Polikoff, "We Will Get What We Ask For: Why
Legalizing Gay and Lesbian Marriage Will Not 'Dismantle the Legal
Structure of Gender in Every Marriage'" 79 Va. L. Rev. 1535-1550
(1993)
Milton C. Regan Jr., "Reason, Tradition, and Family Law:
A Comment on Social Constructionism," 79 Va. L. Rev. 1515-1533
(1993).
Cass R. Sunstein, "Homosexuality and the Constitution,"
70 Ind. L. J. 1-28 (1994). Note: another version of this article
appears as "Same-Sex Relations and the Law," 25 Metaphilosophy
262-284 (1994).
Evan Wolfson, "Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage
Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men and the Intra-Community Critique,"
21 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 567-615 (1994)
Articles from 1994-1996 not included in Wardle's list
Hadley Arkes, "Question of Principle, not Predictions:
a Reply to Macedo," 84 Georgetown L.J. 321-327 (1995)
Barbara J. Cox, "A (Personal) Essay on Same-Sex Marriage,"
1 National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law. 86-90 (1995),
http://sunsite
.unc.edu/gaylaw/files/cox.pag
Anthony D. D'Amato, "Conflict of Laws Rules and the Interstate
Recognition of Same-Sex Marriages," 1995 Univ. Ill. L. Rev.
911-943 (1995)
Richard F. Duncan, "Homosexual Marriage and the Myth
of Tolerance: Is Cardinal O'Connor a 'Homophobe'?" 10 Notre
Dame J. L. Ethics & Pub. Policy 587-607 (1996)
Martin D. Dupuis, "The Impact of Culture, Society, &
History on the Legal Process: an Analysis of the Legal Status
of Same-Sex Relationships in the United States & Denmark,"
9 Int'l J. L. & Fam. 86-118 (1995)
Lisa M. Farabee, Note: "Marriage, Equal Protection, and
New Judicial Federalism: A View from the States," 14 Yale
L. & Policy Rev. 237-286 (1996)
Robert P. George & Gerard V. Bradley, "Marriage &
the Liberal Imagination," 84 Georgetown L.J. 301-320 (1995)
(response to Macedo)
Deborah M. Henson, "Will Same-Sex Marriages Be Recognized
in Sister States...," 32 Univ. Louisville J. Fam. L. 551-600
(1994)
Jordan Herman, Note: "The Fusion of Gay Rights and Feminism:
Gender Identity and Marriage after Baehr v. Lewin," 56 Ohio
St. L.J. 985-1018 (1995)
Anthony C. Infanti, "Baehr v. Lewin: a Step in the Right
Direction for Gay Rights?" 4 Law & Sexuality 1-34 (1994)
Kathryn E. Kovacs, "Recognizing Gay & Lesbian Families:
Marriage & Parental Rights," 5 Law & Sexuality 513-539
(1995)
Greg Ladner, "Note: Baehr v. Lewin: Will Equal Protection
Lead to the End of Prohibitions on Same-Sex Marriages?"
1 National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law 126-145 (1995), http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaylaw/files/ladner.pag
Stephen Macedo, "Homosexuality and the Conservative Mind,"
84 Georgetown L.J. 261-300 (1995); same-sex marriage discussed
at 285-291; for responses see articles by Arkes and George, listed
supra.
Robert J. Morris, "Configuring the Bo(u)nds of Marriage:
the Implications of Hawaiian Culture & Values for the Debate
about Homogamy," 8 Yale J.L. & Human. 105-159 (1996).
Part of a symposium issue; a response is found in Angela P. Harris,
Comment: "Seductions of Modern Culture," 8 Yale. J.L.
& Human. 213 at 218-230.
Noel Myricks & Roger H. Rubin, "Legalizing Gay and
Lesbian Marriages: Trends & Policy Implications," 9
Am. J. Fam. L. 35-44 (1995)
Mark Strasser, "Domestic Relations Jurisprudence and
the Great Slumbering Baehr: on Definitional Preclusion, Equal
Protection, and Fundamental Interests," 64 Fordham L. Rev.
921-986 (1995)
Paul Royal, Note: "The Right to Say 'I Do': the Legality
of Same-Sex Marriage," 20 Law & Psychol. Rev. 245-261
(1996)
Herbert W. Titus, "Defining Marriage and the Family,"
3 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 327-343 (1994)
Evan Wolfson, "Fighting to Win and Keep the Freedom to
Marry: the Legal, Political, and Cultural Challenges Ahead,"
1 National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law 258-298 (1995),
http://sun
site.unc.edu/gaylaw/files/wolfson.pag
Alice Woolley, "Excluded by Definition: Same-Sex Couples
and the Right to Marry," 46 Univ. Toronto L.J. 471-524 (1995)
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OTHER PERIODICAL ARTICLES
Finding Tools
Three H.W.Wilson indexes, the Humanities Index, the
Social Science Index, and the Reader's Guide Abstracts,
all use the subject heading "Gay Marriage". All three
are accessible for Rutgers users at http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rulib/indart/des.html
Index to Periodical Articles Related to Law: Subject
Heading "Sexual Orientation"
Philosopher's Index, DANA REF Z7124.P45P46 Subject
Heading "Gay Rights"
Religious & Theological Abstracts, ALEXANDER LIBRARY
REF BL1.R4. Subject heading "Same-Sex Marriage" (1995--).
A CD-ROM version of this tool, R&TA on CD-ROM, is
found at the Sage Library (New Brunswick Theological Seminary).
Selected Articles
Gerhard O. Forde, "Law and Sexual Behavior," Lutheran
Quarterly 9(1):3-22 (1995). Opposes civil-law recognition of
same-sex marriages.
Beth M. Gilbert, "Gays and Lesbians under the Chupah,"
Reform Judaism Magazine (Summer 1996), http://www.shamash.org/reform/uahc/rjmag/696bg.html
Morris B. Kaplan, "Intimacy and Equality: the Question
of Lesbian and Gay Marriage," The Philosophical Forum, 25:333-360
(1994)
Joseph Monti, "The Norm of Heterosexual Marriage,"
Anglican Theological Review 72(2):165-167 (1990)
Christine Pierce, "Gay Marriage," Journal of Social
Philosophy 26(2):5-16 (fall 1995)
John R.W. Stott, "Homosexual 'Marriage'," Christianity
Today 29(17):21-28 (1985). Opposes same-sex marriage.
Louis Weil, "The Church Does Not Make a Marriage,"
Anglican Theological Review 72(2):172-174 (1990). Favors the
blessing of same-sex marriages.
Robert Williams, "Toward a Theology for Lesbian &
Gay Marriages," Anglican Theological Review 72(2):134-157
(1990)
James Q. Wilson, "Against Homosexual Marriage,"
Commentary 101:34-39 (March 1996)
Gilbert Zicklin, "Deconstructing Legal Rationality: the
Case of Lesbian and Gay Family Relationships," Marriage
& Family Review 21(no.3-4):55-76 (1995)
WEBSITES AND A MAILING LIST
Freedom To Marry Coalition: http://www.ftm.org/
Hawaii. Commission on Sexual Orientation and the Law. Report
of the Commission on Sexual Orientation and the Law [Dec.8,1995]:
http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/solcvr.html
Marriage Project--Hawaii (formerly known as h.e.r.m.p.): http://www.xq.com/hermp/
Institute for Gay and Lesbian Strategic Studies: http://www.iglss.org.
Material at this site includes an economic study of "The
Cost of Nonrecognition of Same Gender Marriages", by M.V.Lee
Badgett and Josh A. Goldfort, Angles, vol.1, no.2 (May
1966), at http://www.iglss.org/pubs/angles/angels_1-2_p1.html
MARRIAGE-EDIT list. A moderated organizing list, devoted to
the legalization of same-sex marriage. To subscribe, send one-line
message "subscribe marriage-edit" to: MAJORDOMO@abacus.oxy.edu
Archived at http://abacus.oxy.edu/p
ub/marriage
Partners Task Force for Gay & Lesbian Couples: http://www.buddybuddy.com/toc.html
Queer Resources Directory: http://www.qrd.org/qrd/family/marriage/
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